Thesis Statment

Proposition Statement: Definition: the theory articulation is the most significant sentence in your paper. It is the fundamental thought for the entire paper; it is regularly appears (legitimately, in a roundabout way) the number and the substance of the body sections of the exposition. Clear postulation explanation are fundamental for acceptable composition. Portions of a proposition proclamation: A theory explanation has two primary parts: the point and the controlling and extra one a bit much indicator. A-Topic: the subject of the paper, what the exposition is about. Ex: Frank McCourt confronted two obstacles.B-Controlling: what you are going to state about the subject. Ex. Forthcoming McCourt confronted two snags. C-Predictor: it is a third part in a theory articulation. It tells the peruser what number of body passages there will be in the exposition and what their substance will be. Ex. Candid McCourt confronted two snags absence of training and destitution. Action 1: anticipat e the substance of the body sections of the accompanying articulations circle the theme, underline the controlling: 1-As we people shape our condition by building and creating, we are progressively dirtying our air, water and our dirt. †The fundamental points of interest of urban arranging are that we can control a city's appearance, we can sort out transportation adequately, and we can ensure there are sufficient open spaces. 3-With its winding ways, lake, and little backwoods, Central Park in New York City is the most significant case of the sentimental style of scene design in the United States. Rules for Thesis Statement: 1-Thesis explanation must be a finished sentence with a subject and an action word. City living risky to your wellbeing. (not a postulation) City living is unsafe to your wellbeing. †Thesis proclamation must be an announcement not an inquiry. Are hounds acceptable buddies? Pooches are acceptable partners. 3-Thesis proclamation is a feeling it can't be a straightforward articulation of reality (doesn’t need any help) I have a more seasoned sibling and a more youthful sibling. I share much for all intents and purpose with my more youthful sibling than I do with my more established sibling. 4-Thesis explanation is an announcement not declaration and must express the controlling thought. This article I'm going to discuss air contamination. Ongoing techniques for diminishing air contamination are giving some positive outcomes 5-Thesis explanation ought to have just one controlling idea.Public transportation in my old neighborhood is excessively costly, and it is more slow than that in Tokyo. Open transportation in my old neighborhood is excessively costly. Action: 2 state if the accompanying sentences is a decent theory explanation or not and express the standard it disregards. 1-Japanese vehicle are superior to American vehicles. 2-A Mitsubishi is a Japanese vehicle. 3-I'm demonstrating why safety belts are essential. 4-Are s afety belts fundamental? 5-Wearing a safety belt can spare your life. 6-Students who work while they are considering meet many individuals, and their educators likewise buckle down. 7-Work-study programs an examination. †In this exposition, I will think about chipping away at grounds and working off grounds. Action 3: pick 4 themes to compose 4 proposition explanations. 2 must have an indicator: 1-__________________________________________________________________________ 2-__________________________________________________________________________ 3-__________________________________________________________________________ 4-__________________________________________________________________________ â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Wild animalsendangered speciestransportationocean/water Climate changeworld's food productioneducationforest/vegetation

Administrative Law for Australian Judicial System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theAdministrative Law for Australian Judicial System. Answer: There is a criticalness has been found from 10 years in Australian Judicial System where the Administrative law has make an immense foundation in the application under the State Administrative Tribunal under the State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004. The Australia states have their own mulling over law of changes, which relies upon the Tort law, and by the change exertion, it serves to reaction on contrast debates and carelessness issues. The Australian Administrative law is the piece of under the legal framework. The utilization of the law it assists with recognizing hostility as per the subjective cases. The Administrative assists with understanding the belligerence in Australia, which consistently comprise of the procedure of the legal procedure, and different courses in as per the specific utilization of the law (Hooper 2017). The prosecution is depicted as readiness to affirm lawful rights. The High Court of Australia has characterizes the hostility as the excitement of continue through lawful framework. it likewise assists with estimating the adequacy of law in coordinating social conduct. For the application under the formal legitimate procedure individuals applying it for a superior survey to determine the questions. they used to tackle the questions through the arrangement procedure as they used to incline toward the safeguard relationship as opposed to euphoria with it. As indicated by the idea of the hostility winning conventionality it make the basic needs of the economy. It is the most significant procedure to manage the settling issues outside of the court (Barnett 2017). As indicated by merits survey of regulatory law it consider the power that helps in dynamic procedure under a specific lawful structure. It practices their forces and discretions gave on the essential chief. Under such legitimacy audits the Migration Act 1958 is one if the enactment which works with the essential choice and assists with building up and substitute another choice. It has reexamined under the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. In this enactment, the choices can survey as per the cabin application and payable expenses. The inside survey of the regulatory law is an audit procedure on the benefits of an agencys essential choice. It has the points of interest as though it is a speedy and cheap procedure and access through the individual contact between the resident and organization. It assists with forcing positive thought in dynamic and mentalities of individual officials, caution the offices for lacks or disparities in dynamic procedure. The drawbacks are da ngers of an open view of absence of fairness, confounding stages, forestall quick goals by an outer survey and cost of managerial audit. Australia has its own government framework which has it a wide-running endeavors by the administrative and state framework which manages the encourage self-portrayal, disentanglement of procedures, and strategies to empower and adaptable plans in courts by defendants. Australian Court can publicize the records where it meddle with the dynamic procedure for the proposal of such procedures. A few contentions has presented where they have referenced about the arrangement thought which worry with the open strategy or the interests of the individual essentially influenced by the choice. In this procedure, it becomes related with gathering, approving and contrasting quantitative information; it isn't astonishing that similar critique on belligerence resorts to social depictions. The way of life and the quarrelsome procedure are both related with one another. In this way, from quite a while, it has been scrutinize and now and then the specialist has approaches for the elective clarification s (Hooper 2017). The Procedural Fairness is a procedure, which is utilized for the dynamic, purposes rather that a real results. In this way, it is important to go before the legal method with reasonable and suitable technique. The dynamic procedure is really prepared by the leader who will work the entire program with a reasonable and proper way. Nonetheless, there are a few contrasts between the regular equity and procedural reasonableness as indicated by the best managerial dynamic procedure. The regular equity is the piece of law that is handled under the court yet a reasonable procedure is consistently important while process the legal framework. the procedural reasonableness consistently guarantee the advancement of the dynamic procedure where a characteristic and basic procedure is being utilized which incorporates educating the individuals according to their advantage, give the rights to hear the case handling, suitable proof alongside the total and reasonable judgment (Barnett 2017). The standard of common equity has been practicing as indicated by the adverse intelligent that need to determine the enthusiasm of an individual or organization. For the procedural reasonableness, it is fundamental for apply the reasonable choice for dropping a permit or give advantages to the follower a worker or punishment for offense and different harms and misfortunes which has been caused because of some carelessness. It is likewise pertinent for those individuals who are having an authentic desire and need to ensure their lawful rights. In certain conditions the procedural reasonableness is likewise authorized by the demonstrations of parliament where it requires to satisfy the prerequisites like absence of predisposition, proof for help any choice, hearing principle and enquiry about the debates. It is likewise requiring knowing whether there is any obligation for the reasonable procedural or not. In this manner one clear, opposite authoritative aim, regulatory leaders additionally influenced for the choice. Under the strategy, the obligation is necessitate that must influence the individual separately or a network. The procedural reasonableness is just exists where it manage the cost of the dynamic capacity. On account of High Court in Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship the procedural decency has been applied for the security of the rule of lawfulness. The court is likewise looks and relies upon the obligation in the technique that is totally prohibit from the conflicting alongside the correct usable with the important legal arrangements. The express legal arrangements likewise required to oblige the creation of a choice that must free the intension from the normal equity (Barnett 2017). The substance of procedural reasonableness it ought to bear the cost of the obligation of the procedural decency. The sensible reasonableness likewise gives the chances to the gatherings for reasonable and pertinent conditions. The essential guidelines are requires the conference rule and rule against inclination. The consultation rule is one of the most significant parts under the procedural reasonableness. It is where any individual is consistently require for the reasonable requests where that individual must answer to an administration office against any negative impacts, which likewise incorporates the current intrigue or an authentic desire. It is where the individual just worries with the open door alongside the proper conditions. The consultation rule process the must got and considered before the choice has been made all the while. The procedure additionally requires having a potential choice under certain models. Hence, a few data must be given all the while. A unique individual can have additionally applied for a procedural decency that has represented by the administration choice. It is likewise required when any individual is influenced with negative intelligent can apply such method. The procedure additionally incorporated the proposition and any negative or biased data relating with the dynamic procedure (Barnett 2017). Australian executive law has been presented for the practicing of the forces and duties by the Australian governments, which created the custom-based law framework alongside a legal; overlay which serves to classified Judicial survey and courts with broad forces of heading. The Australian oversees law essentially created by the ombudsman framework and opportunity of data enactment and it produce some appointed enactment with the cooperation of United States. the Australian regulatory law has chiefly evolved by the lawful structure of the United Kingdom and United States which has gotten one of the most grounded managerial courts for practicing the codification and procedural Reform of the arrangement of Judicial survey and the production of an office of ombudsman. It is created on the footing of customary law and classified under the managerial choice Judicial audit act 1977. the authoritative law is the legal structure of the law directing government dynamic procedure which permit a nd applies to the administration choice for each individual issues. The regulatory law has gives the dynamic procedure which ought to be reasonable, hello there qualify, proficient and compelling for that individual issues. It ought to be applied to the individual access as indicated by the benefits and law completion of choice and direct of that issue. Responsibility is another significant part where government choice and behaviors has included under the authoritative law. The community on to data consistently relies upon the administration choice, procedures, and individual access to individual data, which just held by the legislature of the Australia (Barnett 2017). Under the partition of intensity between the lawmaking body official and legal executive in Australian constitution it is just permitted the autonomy of the government court and as per the Australian constitution it just material in three distinct manners. The parliament of Australia assists with setting up the procedure of dynamic according to the premise of legitimacy audits of choices and the clergymen responsible choices. The administration has additionally power in the dynamic dependent on merits survey for at the Tribunal evaluates.

How to Help Children Overcome the Fear of Death

How to Help Children Overcome the Fear of Death Phobias Types Print Helping Your Child With the Fear of Death What Parents Should Know About Thanatophobia By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 20, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 16, 2020  KidStock/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment There is help for  thanatophobia, the fear of death. This phobia cuts across religious, social, and cultural boundaries, affecting people of all ages and backgrounds. But it can be disturbing for adults when the fear of death surfaces in children. We generally expect kids to be happy-go-lucky and fearless, and any phobia can be difficult for parents to address. When the fear is of death,  it can be particularly challenging to cope. Why Fear of Death Is Primal Fear The fear of death is common for children around the ages of six or seven. Researchers believe that children view death without all the trappings, religious beliefs, or defense mechanisms that adults have. Instead, children see death as a terrifying state of nothingness,  and they dont necessarily understand what causes it. Your child may view death as a fulfillment of their own subconscious wishes and desires. Kids also lack an adult concept of time, making it difficult to grasp the idea that someone can go away and then come back. When mommy is gone, as far as the child is concerned, she is dead. This leads to separation anxiety,  common in children between 8 and 14 months, and other fears that involve  being alone. The Role of Magical Thinking In an adult, magical thinking is a possible symptom of a psychological disorder. But magical thinking in children is a normal developmental process. Kids lack the experience and knowledge needed to perceive the world rationally. Instead, most children go through a phase of believing that their thoughts and wishes are all-powerful. This may be an effort to gain some control over the world around them, but fantasy is a double-edged sword. If the child thinks about someone dying, in his mind that alone  could kill that person. So kids develop rituals and superstitions designed to protect themselves from those wishes becoming a reality. How to Help a Child With Thanatophobia In most children, the fear of death will not become pathological. Most childhood fears are soon outgrown as kids gain maturity and begin to shift their focus to the here and now. However, your child may receive a thanatophobia diagnosis if her symptoms present for six months or more.? Your reaction as a parent or teacher can partially influence how long-lasting and severe the childs fear of death is. Many adults assume that kids have no real concept of death, so they avoid talking about it with their children. But kids tend to ask for information when they are ready for it. Healthy, child-led dialogue can help kids put death in perspective and minimize their feelings of responsibility for it. Seeking Therapy for Thanatophobia If your child displays a severe, life-limiting fear of death, or if the fear lasts for more than six months, seek professional guidance. Counseling is also recommended for children who experience a significant loss such as the death of a parent or close friend  or  witness a traumatic event such as a school shooting. Placing your child in therapy can trigger your insecurities or make you wonder if you somehow failed as a parent. In reality, phobias can develop for a seemingly endless number of reasons. Early intervention gives your child the best chances to fully combat the phobia and move on with his life.

Working With A Diverse Age Of Employees Essay - 1559 Words

Today’s workforce environment is comprised of a wide variety of Millennials, Generation Xers, Baby boomers, and even some Traditionalist. Organizations are learning that there can be challenges when working with a diverse age of employees. Every age and generation has different and unique characteristics and values that prove to be challenging and advantageous. What motivated one generation of workers will not necessarily motivate another. In an organization age has an impact in many aspects such as hiring, promotions, workload, innovation, creativity. Each age group can bring something to the table in a positive and negative way. No matter the age or generation that an individual is from they all want equality in the workplace. Currently the average age of retirement in the workforce is 62 years old (Brandon, 2014, p.1). This median average has been on the rise over the past decade. It is no surprise that â€Å"for the first time in United States history, the workforce is co mprised of individuals from four distinct age cohorts. This has created new and profound challenges in the American workplace (Lewis Ford-Robertson).† There has been an increase in recognition and research of the importance of age in the workplace. This comes about as the workforce continues to grow in diversity. It has been an issue that managers or leaders â€Å"assume that employees working for the same organization—even if they come from different countries—will behave more similarly than differentlyShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Public Administration By Harvey L. White And Rice1254 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations have a more diverse work environment. In the workplace, diversity can be a benefit. According to the article entitled , â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in the Workplace† by David Ingram, Ingram(2015) stated that by have a diverse workplace allows the company to utilize their employees’ cultural difference to str engthen the organizations’ productivity. Another advantage of diverse workplace is that it increase employee’s personal growth. By employees being expose to culturalRead MoreWhy A Diverse Workplace Matters?1093 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Today’s an age of competition. Every organization finds ways to be successful. The success of an organization lies in making profits and building brand image. The search by various scholars has found that a diverse workplace, if managed properly, can do wonders for the success of an organization. Diversity means differences due to race, gender, ethnic groups, age, personality, tenure, organizational function, educational background, etc. Diversity involves how people perceive themselvesRead MoreGlobal Diversity805 Words   |  4 PagesThis can include race, gender, age, socio-economic status, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, and geographic location.† (Nickels, W.G., McHugh, J.M., McHugh, S.M.) How exactly can diversity define a corporation? Being a diverse company it shows that the company is opened minded to ideas and people outside of their norm. For example, Energizer Battery used to be a part of the Ralston Purina Company. The employees at Energizer a nd Ralston were not as diverse as they are today. In 2000 EnergizerRead MoreDiversity in Workplace1483 Words   |  6 Pagesand more diverse it s becoming more and more important for companies to understand and manage it. The people of different background, races, religion creates diverse workforce. There is an importance of having diverse workforce to provide better performance. There are perspectives of managing the diverse workforce, which require organization leaders and managers of being responsible of attaining better diverse workforce. INTRODUCTION Diversity means differences, difference of age, sex, raceRead MoreBenefits And Challenges Of Having A Diverse Work Force987 Words   |  4 Pagesa company to be diverse among the many people working with in it. In this essay, I will identify the benefits, and challenges of having a diverse work force and what I believe a company could do to overcome the challenges of employing such a diverse amount of employees. Having a diverse workforce is very important, people of different genders, age, religion and ethnicity may all bring something to the table in their previous work experience. When companies focus on having a diverse work force withinRead MoreDiversity Is The Co Existence Of Employees969 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in organisations, is the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds, working together to achieve a common goal (Prasad, 2012). Diversity refers to the physical and cultural differences between employees of the organisation. Diversity tends to take two forms: the diversity present in groups, communities, and nations, and the diversity acquired through individual’s personal experiences (Galinsky et al., 2015). Employees from different countries and backgrounds contributeRead MoreEssay Workplace Diversity1577 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appear ance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes individual variation by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feels included. It means acknowledging that other people, other races, other voices, and otherRead MoreDiversity Is A Practice Of Acknowledging, Understanding, Accepting, And Valuing People s Differences1313 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity is a practice of acknowledging, understanding, accepting, and valuing people’s differences. There is respect for people’s age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental abilities, race, sexual orientation, and spiritual practices. This definition goes alongside with Saint Leo’s core value of respect where the animated spirit of Jesus Christ should be valued by all individuals’ unique talents, while respecting the dignity and striving to commit to excellence in one’s work (Okoro Read MoreEssay MBA Assignement 2812 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization Dec, 2014 Chapter 2 Case Incident 2: â€Å"The Treasure Trove of the Aging Workforce.† Introduction As a healthcare provider I deal with aging population on daily basis. Although healthcare advances have affectively increased age of survival, it does not change the lifestyles and employment challenges in the elderly. Given the economic downturn in the last decade, significant amount of population had to change their retirement goals or had to return to workforce to maintainRead MoreThe Reform Of The United States1549 Words   |  7 Pagesurgent reform to be implemented is to have more women hold management positions, and train current employees to be understanding of cultural transformations within the company. We should increase the ethnic group, specifically African American and Hispanic, by educating Facebook s Human Resources Department. Currently there are only 1 percent African Americans and 4 percent Hispanic that are working for Facebook. It is critical that more minority groups are hired, because bringing in individuals

Ultima Thule Ancient Planetestimal in the Outer Solar System

Early in the morning hours (eastern time) on January 1, 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft sped past the most distant explored object in the solar system. The tiny planetesimal it encountered is called 2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule. That term means beyond the known world and was chosen as a temporary name for the object during a public naming competition in 2018.   Fast Facts: Ultima Thule 2014 MU69 Ultima Thule is an ancient planetesimal orbiting in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune. It is probably made largely of ice and its surface is reddish.Ultima Thule is more than 44 astronomical units from Earth (an AU is 150 million kilometers, the distance between Earth and the Sun).Two lobes, named Ultima and Thule, make up the body of this planetesimal. They attached early in solar system history in a gentle collision.The New Horizons mission has been traveling to the outer solar system since its launch on January 19, 2006. It will continue through the solar system,  through the Oort Cloud, and eventually to interstellar space. It has enough power to continue exploration through the 2020s. What Is Ultima Thule?   This tiny object orbits the Sun out in a region of space called the Kuiper Belt, well beyond the orbit of Neptune. Since Ultima Thule lies out in that region, its sometimes referred to as a trans-Neptunian object. As with many planetesimals there, Ultima Thule is a mainly icy object. Its orbit is 298 Earth-years long, and it gets only a tiny fraction of the sunlight that Earth receives. Planetary scientists have long been interested in little worldlets like this one because they date back to the formation of the solar system. Their distant orbits preserve them in very cold temperatures, and that also preserves scientific information about what conditions were like some 4.5 billion years ago, when the Sun and planets were forming.   This perspective view shows the path of NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft (yellow) through the outer solar system and the Kuiper Belt. The orbits of the terrestrial and giant planets are shown in blue. The dots show the locations of representative asteroids, close to the Sun, and Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), which are mostly beyond the orbit of Neptune, the outermost giant planet. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute/Alex Parker Exploring Ultima Thule Ultima Thule was the target of a hunt for another object to study by the New Horizons spacecraft after its successful flyby of Pluto in July 2015. It had been spotted in 2014 by the Hubble Space Telescope as part of a survey for distant objects beyond Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. The team decided to program the spacecrafts trajectory to Ultima Thule. To get an accurate idea of its size, New Horizons scientists programmed ground-based observations of this little world as it occulted (passed in front of) a more distant set of stars during its orbit. Those observations in 2017 and 2018 were successful and gave the New Horizons team a good idea of the size and shape of Ultima Thule. Armed with that information, they programmed the spacecrafts path and science instruments to observe this dark distant planetesimal during the January 1, 2019 flyby. The spacecraft flew past at a distance of 3,500 kilometers at a speed of just over 14 kilometers per second. Data and images began streaming back to Earth and will continue until late 2020. The scene in mission control at Johns Hopkins Applied physics lab when the first clear image of Ultima Thule arrived on January 1, 2019. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute For the flyby, the New Horizons team invited friends, family, and press. To celebrate the close flyby, which took place at 12:33 a.m. (EST) on January 1, 2019, the combined visitors and team held what one newspaper called the geekiest New Years party ever. One special part of the celebration was the performance of an anthem for New Horizons by Dr. Brian May, astrophysicist member of the New Horizons team and former lead guitarist for the rock group Queen. To date, Ultima Thule is the most distant known body ever explored by a spacecraft. Once the Ultima Thule flyby was done, and the data transmissions began, the spacecraft swung its attention to more distant worlds in the Kuiper Belt, possibly for future flybys. The Scoop on Ultima Thule Based on data and images taken at Ultima Thule, planetary scientists have found and explored the first contact binary object in the Kuiper Belt. Its 31 kilometers long and has two lobes joined to form a collar around one part of the object. The lobes are named Ultima and Thule respectively for the small and large components.  This ancient planetesimal is thought to be made largely of ice, with perhaps some rocky material mixed in. Its surface is very dark and may be covered with organic materials created as the icy surface was bombarded by ultraviolet radiation from the distant Sun. Ultima Thule lies  6,437,376,000 kilometers away from Earth and it took more than six hours to send a one-way message to or from the spacecraft.   The first color images of 2014 MU69 Ultima Thule. The reddish material is likely a coating created by ultraviolet light interactions with the ices.   NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute Whats Important About Ultima Thule? Due to its distance from the Sun and its steady orbit in the plane of the solar system, Ultima Thule is thought to be whats called a cold classical Kuiper Belt object. That means it has likely orbited in the same place throughout much of its history.  Its shape is interesting because the two lobes indicate that Ultima Thule is made of two objects that gently drifted together and remained stuck to each other for most of the objects history. Its spin indicates motion that was imparted to Ultima Thule during the collision and it hasnt spun down yet.   There appear to be craters on Ultima Thule, as well as other features on its red surface. It doesnt appear to have any satellites or a ring surrounding it and theres no discernible atmosphere. During the flyby, specialized instruments onboard New Horizons scanned its surface in various wavelengths of light to learn more about the chemical properties of the reddish surface. What those observations and others reveal will help planetary scientists understand more about conditions in the early solar system and out in the Kuiper Belt, which is already being called the third regime of the solar system. Sources New Horizons, pluto.jhuapl.edu/Ultima/Ultima-Thule.php.â€Å"New Horizons Successfully Explores Ultima Thule – Solar System Exploration: NASA Science.† NASA, NASA, 1 Jan. 2019, solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/.Official, Queen. YouTube, YouTube, 31 Dec. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?vj3Jm5POCAj8.Talbert, Tricia. â€Å"NASAs New Horizons Makes First Detection of Kuiper Belt.† NASA, NASA, 28 Aug. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/ultima-in-view-nasa-s-new-horizons-makes-first-detection-of-kuiper-belt-flyby-target.

Flow of Silver Free Essays

In the mid sixteenth century a silver mine located at Potosi, South America was formed. This silver mine was one of the few major silver mines in the world, the others located in Northern Central America and Southern Japan. This certain mine was known for its distinctive rich black flint. We will write a custom essay sample on Flow of Silver or any similar topic only for you Order Now Extensive excavation required more than three-thousand Indians to work away with picks and hammers to break up the ore and bring It up to the surface. Just after refining the ore, the silver Is shipped to Spain then from Spain to India, China, East Indies, Great Britain, and Imperial Russia. But all this only happened after the Spanish took over the city and put the Indians on silver mining overdrive. According to the Spanish royal records thirty-six million silver coins have been taken out of the mine since the Invasion. Meanwhile In Spain, the high process ruined Spain as prices attracted Asian commodities with silver currency flowing out nonstop to pay for them. The constant flow of silver from Potosi made the Spanish very blind with their riches. Once the silver from Potosi was gone Spanish economy would plummet. Aslan Trading ships where so common that some Spanish oads where paved with the extra granite cobblestones taken out of the Chinese trading ships’ ballast to compensate for the massive weights from the sheer load of silver. Silver economy was almost the complete opposite in the Chinese areas, for the need of silver was there, and there In large quantities. It Just seems that way because of the lack of an actual metal currency. The venerable elders of my home district explain that the reason grain is cheap despite poor harvests in recent years is due entirely to the scarcity of silver coin. † This is a quote from a report given to the Emperor from a Ming dynasty official. Basically since the Chinese national government uses silver as tax payment and gives little back Into the Chinese economy cycle. Because of this, Chinese citizens are very wise with their small amount of funds. Spain wasn’t the on ly place China imported silver from. Importations from Japan where there also, but not in quantities as large as Spain. Japanese silver Is mined from South Japan then shipped to China, India, and mainly Portugal. Japan doesn’t ship directly to Portugal. What happens is that Portugal sends their trading ships sail over to Macao, China carrying their cargo of silk, gold, erfume, and porcelain. Then they sail over toJapan where they returned with, to the Portugal’s surprise, six-hundred thousand coins worth of Japanese silver, The Portuguese use this in their favor in china. They do so by feeding Japan’s silver to China to get what they want. Bring Japan resources and get silver. Bring the silver over to China to get resources and luxury goods. Bring the luxury goods back to Portugal, and the resources over toJapan. Which brings the focus back to China, Ming dynasty to be exact. Ming dynasty dye shops would allow their customers to have onsiderable amounts of cloth and silk dyed right before deciding the actual costs of said dye. This used to be paid in rice, wheat, soybeans, or fowl, but during the dynasty everything from tools to cattle was paid In silver coins. Also, speaking of silk, Chinese officials have realized how much silver the Spanish have In relation to how much they trade for. So they did an experiment. China sent trading ships with equal amounts of goods to Luzon, located in the Philippines, and Spain. To their slight surprlse tney return Trom tne pnlllpplnes almost trlple wnat tney usually recelve Trom rading to Spain. Plus, they will also accept most native Chinese fruit, porcelain pottery, and sugar. Then there’s Europe, Europe also trades with Asia. Sadly, they draw nothing of actual use, yet they pay them in valuables such as gold and silver, these commodities never return. The luxury of Asian spices have tainted the Europe population, most of them think of it as a necessary ingredient. Because of the pleasure that Asian products bring to all of Europe, including the colonies, and also to the Spaniards in America, Breaking up the trade was never a favorable idea for England. How to cite Flow of Silver, Papers

Accounting Theory and Current Issues Financial accounting

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues for Financial accounting. Answer: Introduction This study deals with accounting theory and current issues faced by KGC Ltd. Karrick Gold Copper Ltd is an Australian mining firms listed in Australian Stock Exchange (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). It operates in large Open Cast Gold as well as Copper mine in Star Mountain Range in Papua New Guinea from past 30 years. Star Mountain Range in PNG ensures isolated as well as wide range of exotic plants and animals in and around the world. In this particular assignment, KGC Ltd has revenue generated at $30 billion AUD in absence of iron ore finds in the next seven years. It has net book value in PPE amounts to $16.5 billion AUD from past seven years (Scott 2012). Evaluation of fair value or historical valuation of KGC Ltd It is recommended to KGC Ltd in revaluation of PPE by using fair value of accounting in comparison with historic cost accounting for the same. Net Book value of PPE is $16.5 AUD as well as another $5.0 billion for the upcoming seven years (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). There are differences noticed between subsequent valuation of elements in composing non-current assets as per accounting models in and around the world. Principles of Fair value accounting of PPE intangibles of KGC Ltd IASB and IFRS standards mainly offer guidance for determination of exact constitution of fair value of assets as well as liabilities at fair measurement system. Fair value measurement applies in accordance with IFRS requirements (Riahi-Belkaoui 2012). It permits ways for fair values measurements as well as disclosures at fair value measurement at the same time. Standard defines fair value on basis at an exit price notion from usage of fair value hierarchy that results in market-based as well as entity-specific measurement in desired firm. Fair value is one of the measurement techniques that objectify initial recognition of assets as well as liabilities. The main objective of fair value accounting is to reflect the market value of assets as well as liabilities at measurement date (Previts, Walton and Wolnizer 2011). It has no observable price of assets. It estimates market price in existence of market in an overall manner. Potential issues with fair value accounting Fair value accounting consists of constant reporting among the comparable firms. It faces Enron crisis whereby regulators pushes investors for understanding the company valuation as well as assets in flogging the level of complexity in structured finance for the same (Palaniappan and Hariharan 2012). Assets needs to be labelled on three categories depending upon relative liquidity for anticipating as well as amplifying effects in market turmoil of KGC Ltd. It blames the regulations in case of market volatility as well as expensive capital raising financial institutions. Risk involved in Fair value accounting Vs historical cost accounting In fair value accounting practice, it becomes difficult in ascertaining risk most of the time in case of KGC Ltd. Fair value accounting is the practice for measuring assets as well as liabilities at estimated current value (Mucciarone, Godfrey and Rankin 2012). It becomes risky in ascertainment of correct figures in current value evaluation in the near future. It has major departure from the centuries as well as old traditions in maintaining books at historical cost. On analysis, it is noticed that fair value accounting poses less risky in comparison with historical cost accounting in desired form. Explanation on true as well as fair value of PPE of KGC Ltd In this particular question, it is required in identifying true and fair valuation of PPE intangibles of KGC Limited. PPE ensures replacement value of $20.5 billion but value in use comprises of $12.0 billion AUD (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It ensures current expected outcomes operations for the next seven years. It rises amounting to $30 billion AUD in contract renewal for next 10 years. It is advisable to using the qualitative characteristics of accounting that ensures relevance, comparability as well as transparency of information among the investors working under KGC Ltd (Leung 2011). Attributes Australia IFRS Valuation Basis Fair value accounting or cost accounting Fair value accounting or cost accounting Independent appraisal in case for revaluation of PPE in KGC Ltd No No Treatment of initial recognition in gain or loss Upward Downward Equity Expense Equity Expense Impairment of PPE and other intangibles of KGC Ltd Yes Yes International Accounting Standard Board sets up working group for KGC Ltd in proposing of convergence model for revaluation of Property, Plant and Equipment for the same. These proposals are submitted to IASB in developing Exposure Draft of revised IAS 16 in PPE attributes (Krugman, Obstfeld and Melitz 2012). It concerns with quality as well as transparency of US financial accounting and reporting. FASB issues proposal in Principle based approach for US Standard setting in an overall manner. Current rules of measurement of Property, Plant and Equipment provides as per IAS 16. It ensures separate rules for accounting as per investment property in KGC Ltd. IAS 16 reveals cost model on PPE revaluation carried at historical cost. It sets upward assets revaluations in reporting international standards as appeared in the financial statements of accounting firms (Kester 2012). Under the revaluation method, fair reveals valuation in determination of appraisal ways. It revaluates in case of assets belonging to KGC Ltd (Jones 2012). It is important to understand the fact that measuring impaired assets in outlining IAS 36 for future analysis purpose. It recognizes with recoverable amount of assets in carrying amount. Recoverable assets is higher in comparison with net selling price as well as value in sue. It based upon present value calculations in proper ways. Net selling price amounts for sale of assets as per arms length transactions for estimated pre-tax future cash flows (Horngren 2013). It addresses issues regarding assets useful life as well as subsequent disposal in the most appropriate way. It carries revaluation of decreased assets at revaluated amounts for the same. Figure: Hierarchy of Accounting Qualities (Source: Hendriksen and Van Breda 2012) Merits as well as risks faced by KGC Ltd revolving around Triple Bottom Line KGC Ltd faces risks and merits that describe separate financial, social as well as environmental bottom lines of companies. Triple bottom lines aims at measuring economic values of people account for future analysis purpose (Glautier, Morris and Underdown 2011). It measures KGC Ltd degree of social responsibility as well as company planet account. It measures company environmental responsibility at the same time. It is essential for KGC Ltd in preparing three bottom lines related with finances as well as giving consideration in social, economic as well as environmental impact. Triple bottom line intends in understanding the concept of sustainability goals in business practices in the most appropriate way (Freeman 2011). It helps in measuring profit relating economic values created by KGC Ltd as well as economic benefits surrounding community as well as society as a whole. It indulges in people at fair as well as favourable business practices in regard with labour and community in con ducting business activities in proper ways. It challenges with triple bottom line as well as find it difficult in comparing people as well as planet accounts in terms of cash. It is important to understand the fact that triple bottom line considers as the accounting framework in incorporating three dimensions of performance (Feldmann and Rupert 2012). It includes social, environmental as well as financial measures in the most appropriate way. It differs widely from traditional reporting frameworks as well as includes ecological attributes. It helps in social measurement that poses difficulty in assigning with appropriate means of measurement at the same time. It mainly practices in capturing the essence in sustainability of measuring the organization activities in and around the world (Estrada 2012). It enhances profitability as well as shareholders values in form of social, human and environmental capital in desired form. It is essential in addressing the risk factors of KGC Ltd considering Triple Bottom Line concept. There is no particular universal standard method that aims at calculating Triple Bottom Line. It is neither universally accepted standards nor measures the TBL categories in any form (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer 2011). It is viewed as strength for allowing users for adapting to the general frameworks for needs in different business entities. It includes different projects as well as projects in case of KGC Ltd. It measures economic attributes dealing in triple bottom line for the flow of money in an overall manner. It views as income or expenditures for taxes of business climatic factors of KGC Ltd. It deals with employment as well as business diversity factors in the most appropriate way. As far as environmental measures are concerned, it deals with representing measurement of resources of KGC Ltd. It reflects potential influences in its viability in case of KGC Ltd (Duska, Duska and Ra gatz 2011). Explanation of legitimacy theory nature as well as importance regarding KGC Ltd Legitimacy theory in accounting is generalized perception or assumptions that act for business entity in appropriate and socially constructed system. Systems include norms, beliefs as well as values and definitions for the same (Devine 2012). KGC Ltd should legitimacy theory for carrying out the accounting and business activities in desired form. It is one of the cited theories within the social as well as environmental accounting areas in an overall manner. It involves deep scepticism among the researchers in offering real insights into voluntary disclosures of KGC Ltd. It address larger project in addressing the issues faced by KGC Ltd in association with legitimacy theory in the near future. It brings under recent developments in the management as well as ethical literature on legitimacy for business organization (Devi and Hooper 2011). It contributes with theory for accounting researchers in recognizable values for future analysis purpose. Legitimacy theory engages in considering powerful mechanism in understanding voluntary social as well as environmental disclosures in proper ways. Legitimacy theory faces some issues regarding contribution in accounting disclosures in specified time. Problem in the theory lies in applied range of theories as well as disciplines for the same (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Figure: Layers of Legitimacy Theory (Source: Deegan and Unerman 2011) KGC Ltd should seek ways in establishing congruence between social values in association with valued activities in the near future. It includes two value systems for speaking on behalf of legitimacy theory. It involves in actual or potential disparity that exists between values systems in organizational legitimacy in proper ways (Berry 2011). It is argued that legitimacy theories examines relevant stakeholders as well as influences in the floe of resources in crucial organization establishment. It engages in direct control over the effective communication at the same time. It identifies four critical stakeholders of KGC Ltd that needs proper attention as far as possible. The state uses resources like contracts, grants, and legislation as well as regulation tax based upon implementation plan. Public comprises of patronage, support as well as labour. Financial community includes investment for KGC Ltd (Barnett 2012). It is advisable to KGC Ltd in using legitimacy theory as it ensures continued inflow of capital, labour as well as customers. It ensures regulatory activities in the absence of legitimacy theory in desired form. It engages in further development as well as abstract constructions in the final legitimating process (Albrecht, Stice and Stice 2011). Researchers need to investigate in the flow of resources in and from organizational constituencies in case of content for communications. Arguments regarding KGC Ltd using legitimacy theory or suffers loses in the particular theory It is analyzed that KGC Ltd faces risk as well as consequences in implementation of legitimacy theory in business activities. In order to overcome loses; it is advisable to KGC Ltd in undergoing with phases at the same time (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). Organizational legitimacy theory suggest firm for undergoing four phases of legitimacy ways for future. In the first stage, it reveals about establishing legitimacy in the early stage of firm development in revolving around level of competence for future analysis purpose. It enables organization in awaring socially constructed standards for quality as well as desirability in performance. In the next phase, it includes majority of organization for activities includes ongoing role performance as well as symbolic assurances in the most appropriate way. It attempts in anticipating as well as prevention of potential challenges in legitimacy process in the near future. It revolves around maintenance of legitimacy as well as appeari ng issues at the same time. Legitimacy considers as dynamic construct. Community expectations considers as static ways for changing across time for required organization for responsive in the operational measures. Organization should be responsive to the environment in operational activities for the same. It accepts ways for loosing legitimacy in changed activities in making legitimate decisions. Discussion on KGC Ltd restoring legitimacy including two types of stakeholder analysis Stakeholder analysis helps in identification of project stakeholders of KGC Ltd. It aims at assessing interests in affecting project risk as well as validity in stakeholder capacity development for the same. It helps in assessing project environment as well as drawing interests of stakeholders (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). It relates with problems in seeking address in identification of conflicts of interest between stakeholders in an overall manner. It uses concept of stakeholders analysis like Right, Responsibilities and Revenue relationships in the most appropriate way. Rights involve access with usage of products. Revenues implements decisions as well as rules in procedures and indirect benefits. Responsibilities include stakeholders in case of conflict for one another in the most appropriate way. Figure: Stakeholder Analysis (Source: Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011) It is important to understand the fact that stakeholder management proves as an effective management of relationships at KGC Ltd. Effective stakeholder management helps in positive association with financial performance as well as leads in shareholders value creation in an overall manner. It stated ways for stakeholder analysis for focusing on the core themes for the same. It requires identification of stakeholders as well as examining circumstances in the near future (Palaniappan and Hariharan 2012). It influences stakeholder analysis organizational decisions as well as operating in different strategies for dealing with shareholders of KGC Ltd. It indicates that firms needs to use innovative strategies in managing different stakeholders group. It includes organizational decisions as well as operations in identification of strategies in dealing with stakeholders for future analysis purpose. Issues in stakeholder management Stakeholder management approach helps in integrating managerial concerns like strategic management, marketing as well as human resource management and organizational management (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). It relates with important issues in development for strategies as well as handling potential conflicts in effective stakeholders of KGC Ltd. Issues includes relationship, communication, leadership as well as commitment and incentives in an overall manner. It involves in better corporations for stakeholders based upon understanding of successful factors for future analysis purpose. It needs proper attention for avoiding decisions as well as prompts stakeholders in addressing the objectives in the near future (Previts, Walton and Wolnizer 2011). Explanation on General purpose of financial system in accordance with sludge spill in KGC Ltd It is important to understand the fact that KGC Ltd should use General purpose of financial system for carrying out business activities in desired way. It is because cost of remediating sludge spill expects around $6 billion to $60 billion as per the outcome cases in the ecological group in Australia (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). It requires claiming for annual benefits in KGC Ltd operations based upon Star Mountain Range in offsetting harm for mining processing involving rare sludge skills in an overall manner. It is essential in using general purpose of financial statements because it issues throughout the year in aiding investors as well as creditors in final decision-making process. It is a set of financial statement including balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement of KGC Ltd. It is the set of financial statements that will help in mitigating the issues regarding sludge spill from the past recorded activities. It is used by companies in communicating level of performance in and outside the organization in the most appropriate ways (Previts, Walton and Wolnizer 2011). It includes specific financial reports like production flow process as well as market analyzes in set of general purpose of financial statements in desired form. Creditors as well as investors shows interest in setting financial statements in helping predicting future performance of company. It helps in paying off current as well as future debts at the same time. It ensures outside users for gaining users financial information for outside in traditional purpose of financial statement (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). Conclusion From the above study, it is easy to understand the fact that KGC Ltd faces several auditing issues. It needs proper attention by the auditors as soon as possible. It clearly explains that KGC Ltd should use fair value of accounting for evaluation of PPE assets in desired form. This will help in ascertainment of future values as per the accounting standards. It explains qualitative accounting characteristics that establish fair value accountancy in dealing with several features like transparency, comparability as well as consistency at the same time. It clearly argues the importance as well as issues relating legitimacy theory. It is recommended to KGC Ltd in usage of legitimacy theory for future analysis purpose. It defines the triple bottom in respect to reporting approach with justification in the most appropriate way. It identifies the risk as well as stakeholder theory approach of KGC Ltd. At the end of the study, it restores the legitimacy theory and proves better for KGC Ltd in the near future. Last but not the least, it ensures that general financial reporting system helps in defending the problems faced by KGC Ltd. Reference List Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Barnett, K. (2012).Accounting for Profit for Breach of Contract. Oxford: Hart. Berry, L. (2011).Financial accounting demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Devi, S. and Hooper, K. (2011).Accounting in Asia. Bingley: Emerald. Devine, C. (2012).Accounting theory. Routledge. Duska, R., Duska, B. and Ragatz, J. (2011).Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Dyckman, T., Magee, R. and Pfeiffer, G. (2011).Financial accounting. [Westmont, Ill.]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Estrada, E. (2012).The structure of complex networks. New York: Oxford University Press. Feldmann, D. and Rupert, T. (2012).Advances in accounting education. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Freeman, R. (2011).Governmental and nonprofit accounting. Boston: Prentice Hall. Glautier, M., Morris, D. and Underdown, B. (2011).Accounting. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall/Pearson. Hendriksen, E. and Van Breda, M. (2012).Accounting theory. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Jones, M. (2012).Accounting. Chichester: Wiley. Kester, R. (2012).Accounting theory and practice. New York: Ronald Press Co. Krugman, P., Obstfeld, M. and Melitz, M. (2012).International economics. Boston: Pearson Addison-Wesley. Leung, D. (2011).Inside Accounting. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Mucciarone, M., Godfrey, J. and Rankin, M. (2012).Accounting theory and governance. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons Australia. Palaniappan, R. and Hariharan, N. (2012).Cost accounting. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing House. Previts, G., Walton, P. and Wolnizer, P. (2011).A global history of accounting, financial reporting and public policy. Bingley: Emerald. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2012).Accounting theory. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory and analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Scott, W. (2012).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Colchester, M. Indigenous peoples and protected areas Rights, principles and practice

3 Grammatical Errors and Funnies from DollarsandSense Coupon Flyer!

3 Grammatical Errors and Funnies from DollarsandSense Coupon Flyer! Magazines and flyers are constant sources of grammatical errors and other interesting blog material for The Essay Expert.   This week Im writing just a few examples of what I found in the ads populating a recent Madisons DollarsandSense coupon flyer.   These examples are good reminders to pay attention to your writing! 1.   Ad for ChoreCare (www.ChoreCareMadison.com) Original text:   All jobs work is customized to meet your needs. Commentary:   Jobs work are two things and the verb should therefore be plural. Correction:   All jobs work are customized to meet your needs. This error is very common and I find myself making it more often than I’d like to admit.   A few days ago, I wrote, regarding the improvement to one of my client’s resumes:   The other bullets show his success on both the artistic and strategic side of marketing. I quickly caught my error and changed â€Å"side† to â€Å"sides,† since I was talking about two sides – plural! What makes this one slippery is that in speech, we often do not distinguish between the singular and plural in situations such as the ones above.   I see this as another example of purist vs. progressive language (see Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules – by Steven Sawyer). Whether you are a purist or a progressive on this one, I encourage you to pay attention and make a choice, rather than make a blind potential error.   Please share if you find yourself challenged by this issue! 2.   Ad for Mother Natures Diaper Service, Inc. Original text:   Reserve a Pre-birth Delivery Date Today! (click for full size ad) Commentary:   Is this line an intentional joke?   It seems the writers might be unaware that they have made a pun on Delivery Date. How can there be a pre-birth delivery [of a baby]?   OH†¦Ã‚   a *diaper* delivery.   I get it. Is it just me, or does pre-birth remind you of afterbirth (the placenta and fetal membranes that are normally expelled from the uterus after the birth of the baby) now thats something I dont want delivered to my door!   I just dont like the phrase â€Å"Pre-birth Delivery† at all, even if it was intended to be clever, which I’m not convinced it was. My suggested correction:   Reserve a Diaper Delivery Date Today! Now thats cute, and it plays well on the word Delivery without being downright perplexing. 3.   Ad for Sierra Concepts, LLC Basement Waterproofing Specialists Original text:   $50 OFF Crack Injections Commentary:   I realize crack injection is a trade term, but really!   Am I the only one who immediately calls up an image of desolate streets and needles and crazed looking drug addicts? My suggested correction:   $50 OFF Basement Crack Repair. Boring, maybe.   But it gets the point across safely. What are your favorite examples of incorrect or funny ads?   Please share them here!

Rise of Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rise of Nationalism - Essay Example Through his works – from his writings, lectures to his activities – Sun Yat-sen was able to introduce doctrines that would form the foundation of Chinese nationalism. They served as the cause of the political movement that brought people together and the soul that lent fervor and passion to the demands for change. Nationalism played a role in China’s attempts to effectively pursue self-determination. The Qing dynasty was widely perceived as a bastard government having been established with the aid of Japan and existed with Japanese control. Even the Soviet Republic was threatening to control outer Mongolia (Linebarger, 2). The intellectual elite led by Sun Yat-sen rallied the people and effectively mobilized them in a struggle against the regime. The objective is to rid the country of foreign control by rising against the empire. Nationalism became the ideology that unified the people towards achieving this goal (Linebarger, 61). In 1911, the Qin dynasty was defeated and a nationalist government was finally

Theories of Democracy - Against Human Rights Essay - 2

Theories of Democracy - Against Human Rights - Essay Example Even wars on the basis of humanitarian grounds should be avoided to prevent loss of lives and the absence of cultural relativism in some of the nations that are known to endure the set ideas and principles of different regions. According to Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek, human rights are defined as exercising the freedom to choose any given thing without violating the freedom rights of others, even if it means defying war. Interestingly, Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek is supportive of humanitarian interventions only so far as they are found protecting and assisting human life. Even though he is not very excited about humanitarian interference in general, he feels that such interventions should be safeguarded. Irrespective of the beliefs of the people in a particular nation, their lives must be protected and supported in terms of its concepts and standards. A true democracy will always stand out in its ability to defend its citizens. Freedom and Democracy are significant rights, mentioned by the writer, should be implemented even at home in a nation that supports such rights. It is important to note that there is nothing universal about â€Å"right.† There is more than one way to getting things done and this is evident in the varied cultural perspectives, distinct world features, unique rituals and cultural identifications. Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek points out that it is wrong to overlook the differences unique to varied races. A lot of unrest and conflicts in the world arise when nations try to impose their way of acting on other nations and this, in turn, produces war rather than peace. Intolerance towards other people’s viewpoints is the main damaging force that corrupts nations.  

Satows Perception of the Meiji Revolution

Satows Perception of the Meiji Revolution Between 1853 and 1868, Japanese society underwent a profound and violent societal, economic, and cultural upheaval, the likes of which it had not seen in over 200 years. The ruling military government of Japan, the clan-pure Tokugawa Shogunate and its ancient feudal system of governance, disintegrated under internal pressure to reform to meet the challenges of the Industrial Age, embodied by foreign interests, particularly that of the United States and England, which used the threat of their military and technological superiority to force the Japanese to accept trade agreements. In doing so, the Shogunate wrote its final chapter and set the state for a return to power of the Emperor, a quasi-religious position which since the 1600s had been relegated to ceremonial duties as the spiritual godfather of Japan, while the Shogunate and its samurai warrior culture administered the country’s affairs. TheBritish Empire of the time was preoccupied initially with wars with Russia and China, but observed with keen interest the initial rumblings of discontent and reform within Japan, precipitated by the bold moves of the United States to establish relations with Japan. Once the British wars had been concluded and Americans had done the proverbial dirty advance work of opening Japan up, the British established their own presence within Japan as it underwent a rapid societal metamorphosis. Over time, various representatives of foreign governments, most notably the eminent British interpreter and diplomat Ernest Satow, went beyond active interest to active involveme nt in the internal affairs of the Japanese transformation from Tokugawa Shogunate rule to restoration of the power of the Emperor, known as the Meiji revolution. Some of this involvement was self-serving and destructive; some of it was noble, altruistic, and reflected a genuine appreciation and compassion for the Japanese and their unique, noble, and astonishingly complex culture. As with most chapters in history, it is often difficult to discern in retrospect where altruism and self-interest intersected and diverged; the history of Japan’swrenching introduction into the modern age is particularly messy, but only more fascinating for being as such. In order to explore this era, some chronological narrative is of course required, but a strictly linear structure is not necessarily the most effective way to approach the issues. Therefore, this dissertation will alternate between historical narrative and cultural explication, sometimes moving backwards and forwards in time, and indulging in anecdotal tangents as well as delvings into the personal histories of some of the players in question, all in hopes of painting a full and complex picture of the interlocking forces – Japanese, American, and British, which turned this tiny country upside down in the short space of 15 years and set the stage for its rise to global power. (A full investigation of the Japanese relations with Russia, China, and the Dutch could easily comprise a dissertation of its own, but we will limit most of our focus here to the often tragic, but often edifying interaction of the Japanese with the two aforementioned Western powers.) Lastly, it is importan t to note that no exploration of Japan’s relations with the West during the Tokugama Shogunate /Meiji Revolution era, or any era for that matter, is complete without dwelling occasionally in details of Japanese culture, which are alternately arcane and compelling. Such moments will be interwoven with the historical narratives and observations as required. In 1854, the United States and Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened up Japan economically and culturally to the West for the first time. Up until this point in time, ancient Japanese law forbade trade with any foreign nations other than China and the Dutch, the latter of which were allowed to visit Japan twice a year to do business solely at the port of Nagasaki; even then, the foreigners’ presence was confined to the small island of Deshima. The signing of the treaty was a momentous occasion for both the United States and Japan, but it was not necessarily an egalitarian or mutually beneficial agreement, nor did both parties come to the signing ceremony of their own free will.Commodore Matthew Perry, representing the United States, essentially forced the Japanese into signing the treaty by virtue of the threat of his heavily armed four-warship fleet which arrived in Edo Bay (Tokyo’sharbor; Tokyo was known as Edo during Tokugawa Shogunate dynasty) – a port forbidden to foreigners in July 1853 and refused to depart until the Japanese consented to enter into a trade and peace agreement between the two nations. Perry was acting under orders from the highest authority in the United States, his Commander in Chief, President Millard Fillmore. Perry arrived bearing a letter fromPresident Fillmore to Emperor KÃ…Â mei (who reigned from 1831-1867 and was the 121st imperial ruler of Japan). The letter was an eager one, and contained several passages full of obsequious language: I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majestys person and government, and that I have no other object in sending [CommodorePerry] to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the UnitedStates and Japan should live in friendship and have cornmercial intercourse with each other†¦ The Constitution and laws of the UnitedStates forbid all interference with the religious or political concerns of other nations. I have particularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from every act which could possibly disturb the tranquility of your imperial majestys dominions†¦ We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial majestys acceptance of a few presents. They are of no great value in themselves, but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles manufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of our sincere and respectful friendship.(Fillmore, 1852) However, the letter also contained notable amounts of braggadocioregarding the economic and technological might at the disposal of theUnited States: The [territories of the United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to the dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from California to Japan in eighteen days†¦ Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, and many other valuable article†¦ America, which is sometimes called the New World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long time, there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have now become quite numerous; their commerce is very extensive. (Fillmore, 1852) The subtext was clear. Though polite and solicitous to almost comic fault, Fillmore made it clear that it was in Japan’s best interests to cooperate with the United States in opening itself up to foreign trade, or Japan might meet the same fate as Mexico, which the United States had obliterated and territorially eviscerated in a warning just four years prior to Perry’s visit to Japan. To punctuate the subtext of his letter, Fillmore did not send Perry across thePacific Ocean in a yacht armed only with flowers; Perry sailed into Yedo Bay with an unmistakable symbol of United States might, his state-of-the-art mini-fleet. Why the particular interest in Japan, a relatively small nation? Itwas strategically located, a gateway to the Far East, and influence over/in, and/or control of Japan would greatly expand American’smilitary and economic power. Japan was also a nation of important natural resources that could be used to feed the hungry monster of theWest’s burgeoning Industrial Revolution. As samurai scholar MarcelThach notes, â€Å"after the colonization of China, the Western Powers America in particular turned their eye towards Japan and saw a country rich with coal deposits, one which they could colonize and exploit as they had China and other East Asian nations such as India.†(Thach, 2002) The Japanese were initially unmoved by President Fillmore’s letter, leaving Commodore Perry to stew in the harbor with the expectation that he would simply tire and go home. This was not to be the case, however, as Perry quickly saw fit to turn up the proverbial heat on the Japanese by sending a letter of his own to the Emperor. In it, Perry reiterated some of the niceties expressed by President Fillmore, but then delivered some language of a level of candor to which the Japanese were not accustomed: [I] hope that the Japanese government will see the necessity of averting unfriendly collision between the two nations, by responding favourably to the propositions of amity, which are now made in all sincerity†¦ Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and the undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force. (Perry, 7 July 1853) The Japanese remained unmoved, provoking Commodore Perry’s temper. Diplomatic subtleties were abandoned, and on July 14, 1853, he delivered an imperious admonishment accusing the Japanese of a sin against God, in effect, and threatened to fire upon the harbor:You have †¦ acted against divine principles and your sin cannot be greater than it is†¦ If you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and inquire into the sin against the divine principles†¦When one considers such an occasion†¦ one will realize the victory will naturally ours. (Perry, 14 July 1853) At this juncture, the virulent and ingrained xenophobia of the Japanese culture was forced to yield to common sense. The Japanese had no navy to speak of, and though Perry’s four ships were unlikely to comprise enough force to cause the Japanese to comply, the threat of an imminent arrival of a bona fide armada induced the Japanese to capitulate and sign the treaty of Kanagawa. (In the wake of the capitulation, the Japanese dispatched an order to their Dutch trading partners to commission the building of a warship, which was named theKanrin-maru and was 49 meters in length, with 12 canons and three masts. It was delivered somewhat belatedly in 1857, but was put to good use as a military training vessel.) It is important to pause here to explicate the amorphous term â€Å"the Japanese.† At the time of Perry’s arrival in Tokyo, Japan was indeed technically ruled by an Emperor, but he was largely a spiritual and traditional figurehead who wielded minimal political power. The locus of decision-making was controlled by a chief shà ´gun (which in Japanese means â€Å"great general†), a direct descendent of Tokugawa leyasu, who in1603 defeated rival warlords to bring a semblance of organizational coherence to a Japanese society dominated by the fractious conflicts between feudal warlords. (In fact, the Tokugawa Shogunate, as the organization came to be known, ruled in relative peace for the next 250 years in what was called the Edo Period, after the ancient name for the city of Tokyo.) From 1603 on, the chief shà ´gun henceforth always carried the Tokugawa clan title, and maintained power by executing rivals and replacing them with family members and trusted allies, w ho were forbidden to marry outside the Tokugawa clan and allowed to rule their individual local dominions with a relatively free and arbitrary hand as long as they loyally served the chief shà ´gun. Furthermore, all other shà ´guns and feudal lords were forced to attend a grand gathering in Tokyo / Edo every other year under the watchful eye of the Tokugawas hà ´gun, where loyalties were reinforced and tested, and suspected traitors ferreted out. Additionally, other lords were required to keep heirs or wives in Tokyo while they were administering to their duties in their respective feudal domains, which was another powerful tool of the Tokugawa clan to maintain its control. A strict hierarchical caste system had also established by the Tokugawa Shogunate; atop this pyramid was the infamous warrior class of the samurai, the subjects of much awe and reverence among Western cultures. Below the samurai were farmers, artisans, and traders. Meanwhile, the Emperor himself resided in Kyoto, accompanied by a few servants and bureaucrats to tend to his ceremonial needs, but he exercised virtually no governing power at all. It was under this repressive cloak that the xenophobic culture ofJapan was cultivated and its restrictive trade policies enacted into law. The third in the Tokugawa shà ´gun lineage, Tokugawa Iemitsu, established the rules forbidding almost all foreign trade and interaction. Only inbound trading ships were permitted, and of the visitors, the Dutch and the Chinese were the only ones allowed. This was not merely an exercise in preserving Japanese culture purity, however. Tokugawa Iemitsu was keenly concerned with maintaining his clans power over the opposing feudal warlords, and he knew that cultural, religious, military, and economic influences from other countries could destabilize the already precarious balance of power.The economic and cultural modernization and maturation within the large cities was, by the 19th century, starting to create conflict within the caste system, which began to teeter under the weight of its own stubborn antiquity. This was the complex environment into which Commodore Perry sailed his four ships in July 1853: a paranoid, secretive, and warlike culture steeped in Byzantine traditions but also militarily and technologically steeped in the past, and thus unable to defend its sovereignty. The forced signing of the treaty was the beginning of a long road of resentment towards the United States and the West that culminated in Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In the immediate meantime, however, the Treaty of Kanagawa was finally signed on March 31, 1854 after Commodore Perry’s return toJapan. It stipulated that the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate would be opened to American ships seeking supplies, that American sailors who had been shipwrecked would be rescued and well-treated, and agreed that an American consulate would be established in Shimoda for the purposes of negotiating a further and more comprehensive trade agreement. This treaty was the beginning of a succession of agreements forced upon the Japanese that brought about a great influx of foreign investment, trade, and business into Japan, but the economic effects of this phenomenon were not all salutary. One such deleterious effect was massive inflation of the Japanese currency. The caste system under the Tokugawa Shogunate mandated a rigid system of taxation on the peasantry; the taxes were fixed and not fairly tied to inflation or other economic vagaries, and thus the taxe s gathered by the rulingshà ´guns fell steeply in the wake of the Treaty of Kanagawa, causing ironic clashes between the well-to-do working class and their rulers.Arguably better warriors than macro-economists, the shà ´gun were unable to curtail this inflation, and the resultant economic instability and hardships inflicted on the Japanese people caused a popular unrest that could not be quelled for very long, and fact led to civil war. By1867, the Shogunate had been overthrown in what became known as the Meiji Rebellion, which restored the Emperor to true power beyond the ceremonial, and brought about a thorough reform of the organization of Japanese government and society. One of the intermediary steps on the way to the weakening of the Shogunate and the restoration of the Emperor’s rule was another treaty between the United States, The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between theUnited States and Japan, better known historically as the Treaty of Townsend Harris, named after the persistent American diplomat who persuaded the Japanese to sign it. As alluded to previously, the Treaty of Kanagawa had stipulated the creation of an American Consulate in Japan, which would open up negotiations on the specifics of trade negotiation. President Franklin Pierce, who had replaced President Fillmore in March 1853, dispatched Townsend Harris from New York in November 1855 to establish the Consulate and coax the Japanese into actual trade, not simply the intent to trade. Harris arrived in Shimoda in August 1856, having cannily brought along a Dutch-speaking secretary and interpreter named Henry Heuksen to facilitate the difficult and delicate nuances of discourse with the Japanese.However, the Japanese, in a typical stalling maneuver, asked Harris to leave and return in a year. He refused; the Japanese asked him to proceed to Nagasaki, which he declined to do; then, in a final – and rather creative – attempt to rid themselves of Harris, they asked him to write a letter back to the President James Buchanan (who had succeeded Pierce in the November 1856 election) requesting a cancellation of his diplomatic mission. The indefatigable Harris refused this request as well, and eventually the Japanese allowed him to set up an office at the port of Shimoda. Nonetheless, they continued to stonewall Harris by referring any request or question, whether trivial or consequential, to the Emperor’s palace in Edo.Harris demanded an audience with the shà ´gun in the capital, but over a year passed before Harris received permission to travel to Edo. Harris did not sit idly by, however; he used the intervening time to cultivate favor and good will with the powers-that-were in Shimoda, the local members of the Tokugawa bafuku. (Bafuku is a Japanese word loosely translated to mean â€Å"tent government† and is an arm, during this historical period, of the Tokugawa Shogunate) Harris was well aware that the British had paid a visit to the Japanese in 1854 that did not go well and left a bitter taste in the proverbial mouths of both parties. The British, mired in a conflict with the Russians that led to the Crimean War (1854-1856) had dispatched Sir James Stirling fromChina in 1855 to request that the Japanese deny Russian ships access to their ports and attempt to secure some sort of initial trade understanding with the Japanese. Stirling did conclude a treaty, but it was hopelessly vague and of limited utility, in part because of an incompetent translator (a hitch keenly noted by Harris) and was sent on his way. The British l urched from the Crimean War to the Second OpiumWar with China in 1856, distracting them from immediate focus on Japan,but Harris correctly surmised it would only be a matter of time before the British turned their attention to Japan again, and used it, albeit with some fictional license, as leverage in his negotiations against the Japanese. Despite managing to offend the chief shogun, the aged TokugawaIesada, and his Court by wearing shoes during his visit to the Palace in Edo in December 1857, Harris’ otherwise impeccable statesmanship impressed the Shogunate sufficiently that they gave their blessing for the treaty negotiations, and they gave permission for Bakufu GrandCouncillor Hotta Masayoshi, with whom Harris had been negotiating, to continue working with Harris to complete the treaty. Harris immediately set to work convincing Masayoshi with a combination of exaltations of American good intentions and fears of an inevitable British arrival on Japanese soil which would demand treaty terms far less generous than that ‘suggested’ by the American. Specifically, Harris preyed on the fears of the Japanese that the only thing standing between Japan and the imperial pressure of the British was their soon-to-be-concluded war against China. The Japanese had long heldChina in a place of cultural reverence in the Far East and had been profoundly shocked at the relative ease with which the French and British were defeating the Chinese in the Second Opium War. Aware of this, naturally, Harris used it to his advantage. In his December 12, 1857 audience with Masayoshi, Harris had this to say: On my way to Japan I met the English governor of Hong-Kong, JohnBowring, who told me that he was about to be appointed an ambassador to go to Japan, and I have received four letters from him since my arrival in Japan. Our conversation was of course private, but in his letters he discusses Japanese Government matters. He says he intends to bring with him a larger fleet than the Japanese have ever seen, and anchor at Yedo, {Edo] where the discussions will be carried on. He says also that Yedo is the only place to hold consultation with the Japanese; that his object is, first, to get permission for a minister or agent of England to reside in Yedo, and, secondly, to get permission to carry on free trade at several places in Japan. If these two things are not granted war will be declared at once. The sending of this ambassador he says is delayed by the war in China. He said he would be in Yedo in the third month, but he has been detained by the war. (Harris, 1857) In another dramatic touch, Harris also asserted that the British intended to addict the entirety of the Japanese population to opium: It appears that the English think the Japanese are fond of opium, and they want to bring it here also. If a man use opium once he cannot stop it, and it becomes a life-long habit to use opium; hence the English want to introduce it into Japan. The President of theUnited States thinks that for the Japanese opium is more dangerous than war. (Harris, 1857) What Harris neglected to mention was that in truth, the British were loathe to try to force an opening into Japan at this particular juncture in time. They had squandered vast military and political capital in pursuit of their war with China, and there was domestic unrest to contend with as well: Despite popular perceptions of British imperialism at this period, official British policy was in fact against the use of force in opening up Japan and British Ministers were mindful of humanitarian considerations that might lead to criticism in Parliament. They instructed British representatives to avoid provocative acts and the threat or use of force. (Cortazzi, 1999) Nonetheless, Harris then went on to claim that the United States had studiously avoided joining Britain in the war against China, despite the fact that newly elected President Buchanan was a veteran diplomat and former Secretary of State who, in his former diplomatic position,and now, as President-elect, was actively working towards mending old grievances with Britain. Harris suggested that if the Japanese come to mutually satisfactory terms with the United States, particularly with respect to the issue of opium trade – Harris suggested that the Japanese could burn any opium which American traders might bring to ports in the future – then in effect, the United States would form a defacto protective buffer between Japan and the European powers, and at the very least, treaty terms with Britain or France could be no worse for the Japanese than the benevolent terms of a treaty with the UnitedStates. In fact, the treaty proposed (in Article II) that in any dispute between Ja pan and European powers, the United States president would serve as mediator. Hotta Masayoshi was no fool, and despite the fact that the Shogunate had responded to Commodore Perry’s presence by commissioning military vessels from its Dutch trading partners, Masayoshi knew the Japanese had little choice at this particular juncture in time but to accede toHarris’ terms. Negotiations on Treaty of Townsend Harris were concluded in February 1858 and the treaty was signed on July 29, 1858.(Ironically, Commodore Perry died in New York City the same day.)Harris, never one to miss an opportunity for some patriotic public relations, ensured that the treaty was stipulated to take effect on July 4, 1859, on American Independence Day. Little did the Japanese know that they had taken another ominous step towards the erosion of their own cultural-economic independence. The treaty provided for the opening of four additional ports to American trading ships: Kanagawa and Nagasaki, on July 4, 1859;Niigata, on the January 1, 1860; and Hyogo, on the January 1, 1863; the port of Shimoda would be closed to American beginning in January 1860.Starting on July 4, 1862, Americans would also be allowed to take up residence in Edo. It provided for tariffs to be applied to American goods imported into Japan and exported to the United States, and forbade the trade of opium between the Unites States and Japan. The tariffs – unsurprisingly favored imported American products with a five percent tax on most goods and raw materials. The treaty stipulated that this tariff was fixed until the treaty came up for revision and renegotiation in 1872, sowing the seeds for the economic instability, alluded to above, that led to the downfall of the Shogunate. In particularly surprising concession, the treaty stipulated that Americans in Japan would be allowed free exerc ise of their religious beliefs, which extended to permission to construct places of worship. This was a significant break with Japanese tradition, which had long been steeped with animosity towardsChristianity. In fact, Christianity was essentially forbidden, andHarris had taken a considerable personal risk by making a show of his Christian beliefs when he visited the Shogunate in Edo in 1858.Despite a clause in the treaty that seemed to forbid Christian proselytizing (â€Å"The Americans and Japanese shall not do anything that may be calculated to excite religious animosity† (Article VII), the influx of Christianity into the Japanese homeland was deeply offensive to many traditionalist and contributed to the erosion of support for the Shogunate. Another interesting stipulation of the treaty is that diplomatic envoys from Japan would be sent to the United States for the purposes of cultural exchange and for a ‘formal’ treaty-signing ceremony. Three Japanese were selected for the journey: Shimmi Masaoki, the senior ambassador, who was only 35 years of age; Oguri Tadamasu, who carried the title of ‘official inspector’ for the diplomatic mission; andMurgaki Norimasa, who kept a detailed diary of the delegation’s visit.Each were samurai warriors, consistent with the ruling class from which they came, and knew next to nothing of American culture or the peculiarities of Western culture, much less the American government;for example, the Japanese found it bizarre that the Americans had gone through three elected leaders in a peaceful transition of power between the time Commodore Perry had paid his infamous visit and the Japanese delegation left to visit the United States. In an attempt to show stren gth and regal power, the three Japanese did not travel alone –their party numbered 77, including six cooks, 51 guards and servants, three doctors, and three interpreters. It was quite a showcase: On February 13, 1860, the ambassadors and their staff sailed from Yokohama with 50 tons of Japanese baggage (including the treaty in its special box), 100,000 readily negotiable Mexican dollars, and a large supply of Japanese food. Appropriately, perhaps, the vessel that carried them from Japan to San Francisco was the navy frigate Powhatan, one of the steam-powered paddle-wheelers Perry had employed inopening Japan. (Finn, 2002) The America into which the Japanese were received in May 1860, was teetering on the precipice of a civil war which would forever alter its destiny, mirroring the dark seeds of revolution which were germinating back home in Japan. To say that the Japanese experienced culture shock was an understatement; it was a precursor to the shocks that would reverberate through Japanese culture in their homeland due to the floodgates of external Western cultural influence that were being opened by the Harris Townsend Treaty that the Japanese envoys signed with President Buchanan on May 18. Upon their return home in November 1860, the Japanese delegation was greeted coolly, as the elements in the Shogunate that had approved the treaty had begun to fall from favor. Murgaki Norimasa and ShimmiMasaoki received promotions but were soon forced into retirement.Oguri Tadamasu went on to become a powerful military leader for theShogunate, but he refused to accept their downfall and the eventual re-ascension of the Emperor; he and his son were executed in 1868. The interior map of Japanese political and cultural power was a tumultuous mess by the time the delegation returned to Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate had splintered into two warring factions due to the controversy regarding the signings of the two treaties with the UnitedStates and fears of imminent meddling by the British into Japanese affairs. Tokugawa Iesada had become an old and infirm man and was barely able to carry out his duties during the negotiations over the Townsend Harris Treaty. Compounding the fractious debate over whether or not to agree to the treaty was a struggle brewing over who would succeed Iesada, as Iesada had no natural heir. The two leading contenders were Tokugawa Yoshinobu (aka Keiki), and a 12-year old boy, the Daimyo of Kii. In an attempt to solidify the ebbing power of the Tokugawa clan and to end the debate over the the treaty signings, the latter of which he had brokered, Hotta Masayoshi broke with precedent and traveled to Kyoto to visit Emperor Komei to seek his approval for the Harris Treaty and for the ascension of the Daimyo of Kii to head the Shogunate. Unfortunately for Hotta, his gamble backfired. TheEmperor communicated his unhappiness with the treaties and refused to offer his support for Tokugawa Yoshinobu / Keiki. Hotta was humiliated and was replaced in April 1858 by Ii Naosuke, who was appointedTokugawa Regent, making him the effective military leader of Japan and head of the shogun council. Ii immediately approved the Townsend Harris Treaty, effectively snubbing the Emperor, which caused a widespread rebellion amongst Imperial Japanese loyalists who literally revered the Emperor as a god and who viewed action against his wishes to be a mortal sin.Undaunted, Ii then proceeded to arbitrarily appointed the boy Daimyo of Kii as the Shogunate heir, spawning a massive rebellion. Those who opposed his sanctioning of the Treaty and/or his appointment of theShogunate heir were executed en masse, in a bloodbath dubbed the AnseiPurge. Being of tender age, naturally, the Daimyo of Kii – who assumed the name Tokugawa Iemochi was unable to assert his sovereign will or assume his duties, leaving Ii firmly entrenched in power, or so he thought. His rule did not last long; he was beheaded by anti-foreigner, pro-Emperor elements in March 1860. After Ii was assassinated, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who had been Tokugawa Iemochi’searlier rival for the position of Shogun, assumed eff ective control of the Shogunate by assuming a position of power similar to the one held by Ii and Hotta before him. After Tokugawa Iemochi’s death in 1866, Tokugawa Yoshinobu assumed the official ceremonial title and power of Shogun. He was to be the fifteenth and last Shogun in Japanese history. Certainly, the arrival of the Americans and the treaties they forced upon the Shogunate were a leading cause of their downfall, but the Shogunate was already weakening under its own antiquated weight by the time Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853. Though very stable and consistent, the philosophy and structure of the Shogunate government was change-averse to a fault; it was 200 years old, and had simply outlived its usefulness: The simple concept of the division of classes into rulers, warriors and commoners had little relation to Japan of the 19th century with its teeming cities, rich merchants, restless samurai, and discontent peasantry†¦ Despite the division of the land into a large number of feudal fiefs, the people had developed a strong sense of national consciousness. The growth of nationalism and the development of a modern commercial economy had made Japan ready for the more efficient political forms of the modern nation. (Norman, 1940) To some degree, the nationalism of the Japanese was reflective of the psychology of isolation, i.e., the Japanese,

Ben Cohen’s “Ben and Jerry’s”

Due to the societal shift in the twentieth century toward material gain and capitalism, there has been an overwhelming emphasis put on monetary accrual and the pursuit of wealth. To generalize, people are no longer satisfied with familial happiness and achieving status through such things as cars and clothes has become the norm. Due to this, the job market has become increasingly more competitive, which in turn has given tremendous power to business. Corporations have all but taken over control of the distribution of assets. Ben Cohen, co-founder of Ben and Jerry's writes, â€Å"Corporations have been granted the right to become the major depositories and bestowers of wealth in our society.† Businesses, whether they want to or not, have a tremendous impact on the economic and social status in the world. The underlying problem with this relatively recent shift is that too often is the case that larger corporations neglect to acknowledge the potential danger they pose to the environment and the society as a whole. Therefore, it is the duty of each and every enterprise to take into account the tremendous power it possesses and act in such a way that is not detrimental to society. Unfortunately, as history teaches us, too many businesses take the â€Å"its not my problem† attitude and the result is often times irreversible. Since 1978, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield have accepted the fact that indeed companies have the capacity to have a tremendous influence on the economy and ecology, and done everything possible to make theirs a positive one. To run a successful business, several factors must be kept in mind at all times. The business must function efficiently and at the same time produce a quality product. The consumer's interests also must be taken into account, and too often overlooked is the necessity to maintain a satisfied work force, making them feel important and needed. The Ben and Jerry's corporation, but a small two man operation running out of a gas station twenty years ago, has always rendered these qualities vital, no matter what their circumstance was. The two men met in 1963 as seventh graders in a small Long Island gym class. Ben, a native of Brooklyn, New York, attended Colgate University for only a year before dropping out to return to his high school job as a neighborhood ice cream man. He had a brief stint at Skidmore College as well as NYU, and moved to upstate New York before going into business with his partner and long time friend Jerry Greenfield. Jerry was also born in Brooklyn and after high school attended and graduated from Oberlin College. After being rejected form medical school twice and moving to North Carolina, he and Ben decided to make their dream a reality. They decided to move to Vermont, and with a $12,000 investment opened a small homemade ice cream shop in downtown Burlington. When the business began Ben and Jerry sat down and had rather basic goals. Their credo was â€Å"If it's not fun, why do it?† They wanted to enjoy themselves while earning a living, and at the same time give something back to the community. As business began to take off, they needed to set down guidelines in order to achieve all three goals. Ben and Jerry execute what is referred to as a values-led business. â€Å"Values-led business is based on the idea that business has a responsibility to the people and the society that make its existence possible. More all-encompassing and therefore more effective than philanthropy alone, values-led business seeks to maximize its impact by integrating socially beneficial actions into as many of its day-to-day activities as possible*By incorporating concern for the community – local, national, and global * into its strategic and operating plans, the values-led business can make everyday business decisions that actualize the company's social and financial goals at the same time.†(Ben and Jerry's Double-Dip, p.30) Their mission statement, due to the type of company they desired was broken down into three separate parts (p.46): Product Mission: to make, distribute and sell the finest quality product Social Mission: to operate the company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of the local, national, and international community Economic Mission: to operate the company on a sound fiscal basis of profitable growth This method of business and sense of mission allows Ben and Jerry's to do several things. The business naturally holds profit and success as a priority, but at the same time acknowledges and does its best to help the community and its surroundings. Ben and Jerry's current CEO, Perry Odak, says that he originally â€Å"sought out the company because of its excitement about combining social endeavors with a growing, profitable business.†(p.188) The management in Ben and Jerry's is very people oriented. If run properly, values-led businesses often yield an incredibly motivated workforce. â€Å"If people understand that the work they do produces more than just profits, and they're in alignment with the values of the company, there's no end to what they can contribute.†(p.165) The management at Ben and Jerry's has always strived to keep the employees happy and emote a real sense to the staff that indeed they are important. â€Å"Values-led management aspires to respect employees and seeks to meet their needs as well as the needs of the company.†(p.167) Instead of having top level management be distant and authoritative, the management at Ben and Jerry's is very involved with the employees. Their employees are often surveyed, every eighteen months in fact, on how they feel the company is doing, their thoughts on improving products and management, and how happy they are. Because of this, the workforce at Ben and Jerry's remains quite content, and never feels too distant from top level executives. Management in 1985 implemented what they call a five-to-one salary ratio, which limits the top executive salaries to five times the lowest salary. This idea ensured that as the company prospered, so too did everybody working for the company. Management at Ben and Jerry's has established a list of what they call â€Å"Our Aspirations,† in order to constantly remind themselves not only their goals but what they are in business for. They are fourteen mini-objectives that clearly exhibit to the management what needs to get done and the way in which to do. Briefly, each one(compiled from pp.173-175): To Be Real * actions speak louder than words; be the company that they claim to be To Be the Best * plain and simply, want to be the best ice cream company in the world; if the customers are satisfied with the product, the company will prosper and they'll outperform the competition To Improve Continuously * each time a goal is accomplished, a back check should be done to look for ways of improving upon methods for next time To Learn Continuously * employees constantly should receive training in all areas so their contribution to the company increases To Be Inclusive * people of all backgrounds work for Ben and Jerry's and each one's individuality is embraced and creates a tight knit group To Be Creative * creativity excites customers and naturally helps business To Build Community * no employee of Ben and Jerry's feels alone and everyone on the staff would extend a hand to another employee To Be Open and Trusting * if everyone trusts one another, people feel a lot safer about sharing their opinions and ideas, therefore strengthening the company To Celebrate and to Give Meaningful Recognition * when goals are acomplished, they should be acknowledged; recognition of achievements will only lead to more achievements To Use Consultive Decision Making and Active Listening * people of certain expertise are often employed to help make decisions; leaders of the company also must be take into account employee opinions To Hold Ourselves Accountable * if everyone does their job and takes care of their responsibility, the company will run smoothly To Be Great Communicators * leaders of the company always need to make sure that their staff is well informed of whatever needs to be done To Be Upfront * people need to be directly told what to do and avoiding roundabout communication is vital To Be Profitable by Being Thrifty * when the company invests, they need to be careful about how mow and where they invest. Saving the company money is beneficial to stockholders and employees Rather than hiring outside help for new job openings, Ben and Jerry's hires from within the company, promoting people up through the ranks and delegating more responsibility. In the beginning, when new employees were being hired, management demonstrated the company's goals and methods to the new members, and let them know what their particular responsibilities were to be. In this way people had a clear understanding of the company's direction and what they needed to do in order to be promoted. Unlike many big companies, Ben and Jerry's recognized that the most important asset to their company was its employees, and that is one of the biggest reason that they became so successful (see graph at end). Because of this, Ben and Jerry's offers a wide array of benefits to its employees, realizing the high costs of living in this day and age. Because Ben Cohen and Jery Greenfield believed in themselves and their ideas, their company as become quite successful, accumulating numerous accolades. At the same time, they have not neglected their social duty and have contributed greatly to the society. In 1985, they established the Ben and Jerry's Foundation which is allotted 7.5% of the company's annual pre-tax profits for supporting various community oriented projects. Because of this foundation, they were awarded the Corporate Giving Award form the Council on Economic Priorities in 1988. In '91 held voter registration in their stores and got 1500 more Vermont residents to register. When the Newport Folk festival was in danger due to a lack of a sponsor, Ben and Jerry's took up the reins. They helped to establish a movement to redirect 1% of the U.S. defense budget to fund peace-promoting projects. They received Columbia University's Lawrence A. Wien Prize for corporate Social responsibility. They supported family farmers by printing an 800 number to call on their pint cups. Frankly, the list goes on and on. By sticking to their preset guidelines and objectives, Ben and Jerry's was and still is able to maintain a lucrative business that is great to its employees and beneficial to society.